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Stand the Lord and the Inside and Outside: Guan Zhong’s evaluation of “The Book of Songs” is a micro-reporter
Author: Guan Jiaming
Source: “Confucius Research” No. 6, 2021
Abstract: Confucius’ evaluation of Guan Zhong in “The Book of Songs” is wonderful and complicated. On the one hand, Confucius confirmed that Guan Zhong had good deeds and “it was difficult to die without death” did not constitute doubts about his “unbenevolent”; on the other hand, he did not accuse Guan Zhong of being a benevolent and criticized his “smallness”. The above evaluation highlights two basic problems in Confucian political thinking, namely the meaning of serving the king and the internal and external contradictions. As for the former, the personal loyalty relationship between the monarch and the subject does not constitute an absolute concept, and the meaning of the monarch and the subject is derived from the national meaning. As for the latter, success has some priority in Confucius’ evaluation of politicians, but the unity of inside and outside is still a fantasy state as a common understanding of Confucianism. As for the connection method between inside and outside, it opened up the differences between the sects of philosophy and meritorious schools in later generations, and realized the inner richness of Confucian political thinking.
Author introduction: Ning, male, born in 1986, from Jinhua City, Zhejiang Province, lecturer at the Beijing Aerospace Advanced Research Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences. The purpose of the research is Confucian philosophy and Chinese political thinking history.
Confucius’ evaluation of Guan Zhong has always been a focus of scholars from ancient and modern times. The basic review of people and items is a common topic in modern times. However, Confucius’ evaluation of Guan Zhong differs from the common meaning of characters, but has a deeper meaning. On the one hand, it understands the value of Confucianism’s focus on “benevolence”; on the other hand, a series of problems that arise from this, such as the exploration of the meaning of loyalty to the emperor and the internal and external contradictions, also involves the focus on the Confucian political management concept.
In “Theory”, Confucius’ comments on Guan Zhong are in total, which are located in the “Yang Qu” and the “Bao Yi”. Among them, the third part of the “Yangqi” is a positive review, while the “Baoqi” chapter criticized Guan Zhong for being “small”. The above two distinct evaluation conditions constitute the most doubts about understanding Confucius and Guan Zhong’s evaluation. Past and modern scholars have always tried to explain this from the perspectives of literary versions, thinking purpose, etc., and can explain the problem partially, but there are still some things that have not been done [1]. The focus of this article is not on self-examination of Confucius and Guan Zhong’s evaluation, but on exploring some key points in Confucian political management concepts by analyzing the contradictions contained in this article.
1. Is Guan Zhongren?
There are four chapters in “Theory” that touches and praises from Confucius Guan Zhong, which are located in “The Stories” and “The Eight Quotes”. Among them, the evaluations in the third part of “Qingyou” are all positive:
or ask for the child. The Master said, “It is beneficial to others.” He asked Zixi. He said, “How are you! How are you!” He asked Guan Zhong. He said, “It’s a man. The town of Hebo is 300, and he eats a lot of food, but he has no mercy.” (“Speech·心肉”)
Zi Lu said, “Duke Huan killed the emperor’s son, and he was killed. Guan Zhong did not die.” He said, “Isn’t you benevolent?” The Master said, “Duke Huan joined forces with the marquis and did not use military vehicles. Guan Zhong’s strength is as kind as his benevolent! As kind as his benevolent!” (“Speech·心肉”)
Zi Zhuang said, “Is Guan Zhong not a benevolent? Duke Huan killed him? The son was punished and could not die, so he followed him again. “The Master said: “Guan Zhong was the prime minister of Duke Huan, and he dominated the marquis of the whole country. He was now receiving his applause. Guan Zhong was slightly slight, and I was given a left-handed slap. If a man was a woman, he would not know anything about it after all.” (“Speech·心说”)
The above three chapters can be divided into two categories. Among them, the “May I ask Zida” chapter confirms that Guan Zhong has talent, can conquer people with excuses, and has a clear and controversial meaning [2]. As for the debate between Confucius and Zilu and Zitong on “Guan Zhongren’s Debate” in the last two chapters, it is the focus and difficulty of Guan Zhong’s evaluation in the “Qingfu” chapter and even the entire “Speech”. The interpretations of this by scholars from ancient and modern times are also of different attitudes. In terms of evaluation, the structure of the major structure is determined, semi-determined and denial, which shows its recklessness [3]. The meaning of Confucius and Guan Zhong’s evaluation is not only related to the historical figures themselves, but also to the presentation of the inner strength in the value of Confucian political ethics. As the scholar pointed out, “The multidimensional characteristics of Confucius’ benevolence determine the versatility and richness of this expression. Directly determining that Confucius confirmed or denied Guan Zhong as ‘benevolence’ is suspected of being simple and rigid.” [4] Therefore, the key to the problem is not to make some qualitative judgment on Confucius’ evaluation of Guan Zhong, but the 彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩�
The difficulty in the “Qingyou” lies in the two dialogues between Confucius and Zilu and Zizhu. Zilu and Zitong are both the main students of Kongmen. The two dialogues with Confucius discussing Guan Zhong are not only related to the number of chapters and subject matters, but also have obvious inclusion and continuity in the Q&A logic. Therefore, it is derived from the fact that these two dialogues occur in a unified context and require assessment in a whole field.
Zi Lu first raised the question of Guan Zhong’s “I am not benevolent” by “Duke Huan killed the emperor’s son, and the summoned him and died, but Guan Zhong did not die.” Confucius replied, “Duke Huan joined forces with the marquis and did not use military vehicles, GuanThe power of Zhong. As kind as his kindness! As kind as his kindness! “There are many things worth paying attention to in this conversation. As for the questioner, Zilu’s doubt actually includes two problems. First, “Zhao Hu died, but Guan Zhong did not die” is a criticism of his “no courage”; second, Zhao Hu died for the master but Guan Zhong was unable to overcome it is a condemnation of his “disloyalty”. Therefore, in Zilu’s view, Guan Zhong, who was “no courage” and “disloyal”, naturally did not make a name for him. Looking at Confucius’ answer again, he did not respond directly to Zilu’s criticism of Guan Zhong’s “no courage” and “disloyalty”, but responded to his achievements as “nine combinations of marquises, not soldiers and cars”. href=”https://tw98findmylove.org/”>Female College Students’ Care Club can’t help but answer the questions. Some scholars pointed out that Zilu simply regards the courage of the death as benevolence, which is something Confucius could not agree with, so Confucius should specifically tell Zilu that “not using military vehicles” is benevolence. The reality of this conversation is Confucius’ teachings to students. “The goal is to cure Zilu’s courage and courage, rather than directly confirming Guan Zhong. ”【5】It points out a major problem contained in this chapter, that is, the relationship between “benevolence” and “courage”, which can be said to have only one eye. However, if Confucius’ answers only teach the 官网官网官网官网官网官网Baofeng Webmaster instead of confirming Guan Zhong, it is hard to say too much. Because Confucius’ teachings on Zilu are included in the discussion of historical figures, the two are difficult to separate, and why is Confucius already here? The judgment of “Ru” was clearly confirmed.
The three words “Ru” are undoubtedly the key to understanding this chapter. The word “Ru” here has two ways to explain it to ancient and modern scholars. One is to use “Ru” as a comparison. So He Yan quoted Kong Anguo’s notes: “Who is like Guan Zhong’s benevolence? “The emperor kid said: “Guan Zhong d
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